Glossary

3G (third generation)	third-generation mobile communications technology — a set of services that combine both high-speed mobile access with Internet services and radio communication technology that creates a data channel.
4G (fourth generation)	a generation of mobile communications with heightened demands. The fourth generation usually includes promising technologies that make it possible to transfer data at a rate exceeding 100 Mbit/s — mobile and 1 Gbit/s — fixed users.
5G (fifth generation)	a high-speed wireless Internet, a fifth-generation technology that provides more efficient communications and access to data and services by increasing the speed of data receipt/transmission and broadening the range
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)	an asymmetric digital subscriber line — modem technology in which the available bandwidth of the channel is distributed between the proceeding and entering traffic asymmetrically
АМТС	automatic long-distance telephone communication
Broadband or high-speed Internet access	Internet access at a data rate that is higher than the maximum possible when using dial-up access using a modem and a public telephone network
API (Application Programming Interface)	a description of how one computer programme may interact with another programme
ARPU (Average Revenue Per User)	average revenue per month per subscriber
B2B (Business to Business)	a term for commercial relations between legal entities
B2C (Business to Consumer)	a term that refers to a commercial relationship between a legal entity and a consumer
B2G (Business to Government)	a term that refers to commercial relations between a legal entity and the state.
B2O (Business to Operators)	a term that refers to commercial relations between a legal entity and the state
Big Data	big data processing
Blockchain	a continuous sequential chain of blocks containing information, organized according to specific rules. Most often, copies of the chain of blocks are stored on many different computers independently of each other
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)	multiple access with code division, digital cellular (wireless) communications network. CDMA is recommended by the global organisation for standardisation of communications as the most promising for building third-generation networks.
CR	cash register
CSR	corporate social responsibility
DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing)	the most reliable technology for the underlying infrastructure of multiservice and mobile networks, ensures a sharp increase in network throughput and provides a wide range of fundamentally new communications services
EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortisation)	the Company’s profit before deduction of interest on loans, profits tax and depreciatio
ESG factors (Environmental. Social. Governance)	environmental, social and management factors
Firewall	a technology barrier designed to prevent unauthorised or unsolicited communications between computer networks or hosts.
FMC — One contact (fixed mobile convergence)	a technology barrier designed to prevent unauthorised or unsolicited communications between computer networks or hosts.
FOCL RS	fiber-optic communications lines in rural settlements
FTTH (Fiber to the Home)	fiber optic cable to the home (individual/private home)
FTTх (fiber to the x)	fiber-optic connection technology
FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)	4G-based wireless internet technology used in areas not covered by fibre optic lines.
GSM	a global standard of digital mobile cellular communications with time and frequency split, is highly secure and operates in 2G networks. The main purpose is to make calls and exchange messages
GPON (Gigabit passive optical network)	GB passive optical networks
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)	infrastructure as a service, for example, virtual servers and a virtual network; the client may install any software and applications
ICT	information and communication technologies
IPTV (Internet Protocol Television)	television using Internet protocol, technology (standard) of digital television in data transmission networks using IP protocol, used by digital cable television operators, and the new generation of television
IP-transit	a service to provide managed and high-speed Internet access through modern optical data transmission networks using the BGP protocol. BGP is a protocol of dynamic route between autonomous systems used on the Internet.
IoT (Internet of Things)	a common name for technologies that allow devices built into individual objects to send and receive information via the Internet (wired or wireless)
LoRa (Long Range)	a technology and a method of modulation of the same name
LTE (Long-Term Evolution)	is a wireless high-speed data transmission standard for mobile phones and other data terminals
NPS (Net Promoter Score)	Consumer Commitment Index or Company (Recommendation Readiness Index), used to assess readiness for repeat purchases. It is one of the main indices for measuring customer loyalty
OTT (Over the Top)	a method of providing video services over the Internet
ROACE (Return On Average Capital Employed)	return on average capital employed
SaaS (Software as a Service)	software as a service, for example, e-mail or other office application; the client uses the application, basic application settings are managed by the provider
SAC (Subscriber Acquisition Cost)	a metric that reflects the Company’s total costs on attracting one buyer
SAC	subsidiary and affiliated company
SDN/NFV	Software-Defined Networks (SDN) and Network Function Automation (NFV)
SMEs	small and medium-sized enterprises
SSC	shared service centre
ULE	association of legal entities
VAS (Value-Added Services)	value-added services
VPN (Virtual Private Network)	a common name for the technology that makes it possible to provide one or more network connections (a logical network) over another network (for example, the Internet)
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)	wireless data transfer protocol. The protocol was created specifically for GSM networks, where portable devices need to be connected to the Internet. Using WAP, a user of a mobile device may download any digital data from the Internet
WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)	a broadband wireless technology that provides high-speed long-distance connections, even without a line of sight, on a reflected signal
WLL (Wireless Local Loop)	a broadband wireless technology that provides high-speed long-distance connections, even without a line of sight, on a reflected signal